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Aboriginal Art > Aboriginal Art Styles > Western Desert Art > Balgo Art > Tjumpo Tjapanangka > Tjumpo Tjapanangka Value

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values and Auction results

Artworks offered at auction: 107
Sold: 59%
Highest hammer price: $220,000 AUD
Median hammer price range: $5001-10,000 AUD

This page documents the auction history and market values of Tjumpo Tjapanangka paintings. For his biography, painting style, cultural significance see the main Tjumpo Tjapanangka aboriginal Artist page.

Tjumpo Tjapanangka has a substantial secondary-market history, with auction results ranging from smaller and earlier paintings to major late-career works commanding six-figure prices. His strongest results have generally been achieved by large, well-provenanced paintings associated with Wati Kutjarra, Wilkinkarra and Marlboree, particularly works from his mature period.

The auction records below provide selected examples of artwork titles, dates, dimensions, provenance, auction houses and prices realised. For a more comprehensive database of auction results, readers are recommended to consult the Australian Art Sales Digest.

If you own a painting by Tjumpo Tjapanangka and would like an opinion on its value or are considering selling it, please send clear photographs of the front and back, dimensions, and any Warlayirti Artists documentation, catalogue numbers or provenance.

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Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 1988-1989

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Untitled 1988 painting with concentric circles, interconnected ochre lines and dense white dotting on a black, brown, yellow and red ground.

Untitled, 1988

Size
113 × 38.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Deutscher~Menzies, Fine Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 29 June 1999, Lot 223

Provenance
Inscribed verso: ‘Tjumpo./309/88’.

Price Realised
$2,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Bandicoot Dreaming 1988, with bold red fields surrounded by winding black, white and ochre lines, circular forms and geometric shapes.

Bandicoot Dreaming, 1988

Size
119.5 × 84.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Important Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 30 June 1997, Lot 268

Provenance
Bears artist’s name and catalogue number 078/88 on the reverse. Sold with a certificate of authenticity from Coo-ee Aboriginal Art, Sydney.

Price Realised
$3,200 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Tingari Dreaming 1989, with four large fields of concentric rectangular lines connected to a central circular form in brown, ochre, black and white.

Tingari Dreaming, 1989

Size
121.5 × 91 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, New York, 23 May 2023, Lot 34

Provenance
Painted for Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), cat. 72/89; Dreamtime Gallery, Queensland; Private Collection.

Price Realised
$38,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Artist's Country c. 1989, with interconnected circles and densely layered geometric forms in ochre, yellow, red, black and white.

Artist’s Country, c. 1989

Size
179 × 118.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Deutscher~Menzies, Fine Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 29 June 1999, Lot 141

Provenance
Inscribed verso: ‘Tjumpo Tjapanangka / Balgo WA / 536/89’.

Price Realised
$12,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 1990-1993

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wangapanta 1990, with concentric circles and densely layered winding lines in red, ochre, black and white representing Kangaroo Dreaming Country.

Wangapanta, 1990

Size
120 × 85 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 26 July 2004, Lot 85

Provenance
Painted in 1990 at Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills) for Warlayirti Artists (cat. 72/90); Dreamtime Gallery, Queensland; The Sam Barry Collection.

Price Realised
$9,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Ngunkanapilka, West of Lake Mackay 1991, with red pathways, circular forms and layered geometric patterns in ochre, black and white.

Untitled (Ngunkanapilka, West of Lake Mackay), 1991

Size
150 × 75 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Leonard Joel, Indigenous Art, Melbourne, 28 August 2023, Lot 73

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Western Australia (cat. 667/91); Private Collection, USA; Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 26 July 2004, Lot 251; Private Collection, Melbourne.

Price Realised
$8,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wilkinba Near Lake Mackay 1993, with densely layered winding and concentric lines in ochre, orange, black and white forming interconnected shapes across the canvas.

Wilkinba Near Lake Mackay, 1993

Size
120 × 59.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Sotheby’s, Important Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 24 June 2002, Lot 138

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists (cat. 151/93).

Price Realised
$16,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 1994-1997

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Kangaroo Dreaming 1994, with red, black and brown circular forms surrounded by winding white, yellow and ochre lines.

Kangaroo Dreaming, 1994

Size
120 × 80 cm

Medium
Acrylic on canvas

Auction
Leonard Joel, Aboriginal Art & Artifacts, Melbourne, 10 October 2013, Lot 115

Provenance
Inscribed with artist’s name and Warlayirti Artists catalogue number 479/84 verso.

Price Realised

$3000AUD

 

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Artist's Country (Norcampalika) 1995, with concentric circles and irregular geometric forms outlined in red, yellow, white, orange and black.

Artist’s Country (Norcampalika), 1995

Size
90.5 × 60.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, The Peter Elliott Collection, Day 2, Sydney, 31 August 2015, Lot 213

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists Aboriginal Corporation, Western Australia (cat. 329/95). Sold with a Warlayirti Artists Aboriginal Corporation certificate.

Price Realised
$4,200 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Artist's Country (Mt. Kanabruta) 1996, with large concentric forms and layered curved lines in red, yellow, black, white, green and ochre.

Artist’s Country (Mt. Kanabruta), 1996

Size
91 × 61 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, The Peter Elliott Collection, Day 2, Sydney, 31 August 2015, Lot 196

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists Aboriginal Corporation, Western Australia (cat. 99/96). Sold with a Warlayirti Artists Aboriginal Corporation certificate.

Price Realised
$2,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 1998-1999

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wiringurru Painting 1998, with dense winding white lines enclosing irregular red, ochre, black and yellow forms across the canvas.

Wiringurru Painting, the Great Sandy Desert, WA, 1998

Size
120 × 80 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Bonhams, The Laverty Collection: Contemporary Australian Art, Sydney, 24 March 2013, Lot 125

Provenance
Purchased from Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), Western Australia, in January 1998; The Laverty Collection, Sydney. Accompanied by Warlayirti Artists documentation.

Price Realised
$7,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Men's Law Painting 1998, with six rectangular forms made from concentric bands of white, black, red, orange and ochre.

Men’s Law Painting – the Great Sandy Desert, 1998

Size
120.5 × 79.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on Belgian linen

Auction
Art Leven (formerly Cooee Art), Indigenous Fine Art Auction, Sydney, 11 October 2022, Lot 81

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Western Australia (cat. 315/98); Gallery Gondwana, Northern Territory (cat. 3957TT); Private Collection, Northern Territory. Accompanied by certificates of authenticity from Warlayirti Artists and Gallery Gondwana.

Price Realised
$5,500 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Maruwa 1998, with two large geometric forms and black circular centres surrounded by flowing bands of red, yellow, white, black and ochre.

Maruwa, 1998

Size
80 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Leonard Joel, Fine & Indigenous Art, Melbourne, 22 October 2024, Lot 115

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists (cat. 480/98).

Price Realised
$4,600 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 2000-2001

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2000, with fine yellow parallel lines forming two large geometric fields around a small black central circle on a white ground.

Wati Kutjarra, 2000

Size
120 × 180 cm

Medium
Acrylic on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, New York, 23 May 2023, Lot 41

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo (cat. 659/00); Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne; Private Collection, Melbourne; Scott Livesey Galleries, Melbourne (stock no. 7748); Private Collection, Sydney.

Price Realised
$120,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra at the Water Site of Mamara 2000, with two elongated rectangular forms surrounded by closely spaced parallel lines in yellow, ochre, red and white.

Wati Kutjarra at the Water Site of Mamara, 2000

Size
295 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, London, 14 March 2018, Lot 58

Provenance
Painted at Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), Western Australia, in 2000; Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills; Gabrielle Pizzi Collection, Melbourne, acquired from the above in 2001; Dennis and Debra Scholl Collection, Miami.

Price Realised
$120,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marlboree 2000, with fine yellow and white parallel lines surrounding bold black, red and yellow forms on a white ground.

Marlboree, 2000

Size
120 × 80 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, London, 14 March 2018, Lot 59

Provenance
Painted in 2000 for Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), Western Australia; Hogarth Galleries, Sydney; Private Collection, Sydney; Dennis and Debra Scholl Collection, Miami.

Price Realised
$38,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Kukurpungku 2000, with closely spaced yellow, white and ochre lines forming large geometric and curving shapes across the canvas.

Kukurpungku, 2000

Size
180 × 119 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Important Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 25 July 2005, Lot 247

Provenance
Painted in 2000 for Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 779/00); Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne; Private Collection, USA.

Price Realised
$34,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marboree 2000, with fine yellow and white parallel lines surrounding circular and geometric forms outlined in red.

Marboree, 2000

Size
80 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Lawson~Menzies, Fine Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 31 May 2005, Lot 123

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 193/00); Private Collection, Victoria. Sold with the original Warlayirti Artists certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised
$7,500 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Untitled 2001, with closely spaced rectangular bands of red, yellow, white and black surrounding an elongated central yellow form

Untitled, 2001

Size
179 × 119.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Important Aboriginal and Oceanic Art, Melbourne, 24 March 2010, Lot 32

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 973/01); Private Collection, Melbourne.

Price Realised
$14,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 2002-2003

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marruwa 2002, with irregular yellow and white rectangular forms separated by thin red lines across the canvas.

Marruwa, 2002

Size
180 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Important Aboriginal Art from the Laverty Collection, Sydney, 8 March 2015, Lot 67

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 787/02); Collection of Colin and Elizabeth Laverty, Sydney, purchased in October 2002.

Price Realised
$17,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Untitled 2002, with fine parallel orange and white lines flowing around elongated central forms outlined in black.

Untitled, 2002

Size
180 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Important Australian Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 30 March 2022, Lot 24

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 79/02); William Mora Galleries, Melbourne; Collection of William and Lucy Mora, Melbourne; Deutscher and Hackett, Melbourne, 21 July 2010, Lot 51; Private Collection, Melbourne.

Price Realised
$14,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2002, with closely spaced yellow and white parallel lines forming large curved and geometric shapes across the canvas.

Wati Kutjarra, 2002

Size
150 × 100.5 cm

Medium
Acrylic on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, Contemporary Aboriginal Art, Melbourne, 8 April 2008, Lot 125

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 950/02); Private Collection, Melbourne. Accompanied by a certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised
$6,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Untitled 2002, with concentric circles connected by fine radiating lines within a field of closely spaced orange and white parallel bands.

Untitled, 2002

Size
91 × 91 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Lawson~Menzies, Fine Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 4 June 2006, Lot 549

Provenance
Papunya Tula Artists (cat. TT0206114).

Price Realised
$900 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marawa 2002, with closely spaced yellow ochre lines forming two elongated geometric fields against a deep red ground.

Marawa, 2002

Size
46 × 38.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Gibson’s, The Alison Kelly Collection of Indigenous Art, Melbourne, 8 May 2023, Lot 46

Provenance
Papunya Tula Artists, Alice Springs (cat. TT0203288). Accompanied by a certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised
$700 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Walartu 2003, with dense yellow ochre parallel lines forming angular and curved geometric shapes across a white ground.

Walartu, 2003

Size
180 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Important Aboriginal Art from the Laverty Collection, Sydney, 8 March 2015, Lot 64

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 1320/03); Collection of Colin and Elizabeth Laverty, Sydney, purchased in April 2004.

Price Realised
$65,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2003, with dense yellow ochre parallel lines forming two large circular fields and angular geometric forms on a white ground.

Wati Kutjarra, 2003

Size
180 × 120 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Bonhams, The Laverty Collection: Contemporary Australian Art, Sydney, 24 March 2013, Lot 161

Provenance
Purchased from Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), Western Australia, in August 2003; The Laverty Collection, Sydney.

Price Realised
$15,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marlboree 2003, with dense yellow ochre parallel lines forming interlocking curved and geometric shapes across a white ground.

Marlboree, 2003

Size
180 × 120 cm

Medium
Acrylic on canvas

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, New York, 23 May 2023, Lot 48

Provenance
Painted for Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), in 2003 (cat. 890/03); Private Collection, acquired from the above.

Price Realised
$100,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2003, with parallel red, yellow and white lines forming two large symmetrical fields joined around a central circular form.

Wati Kutjarra, 2003

Size
120 × 180 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Lawson~Menzies, Australian Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 14 November 2007, Lot 46

Provenance
Warlayirti Fine Arts (cat. 266/03); Tineriba Fine Arts; Private Collection, Victoria. Sold with original art centre documentation.

Price Realised
$29,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Values 2004-2006

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Untitled (Tjamu Tjamu), with dense wavering yellow lines on a black ground bending around large geometric forms and a central horizontal boundary.

Untitled (Tjamu Tjamu), 2004

Size
122 × 91 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Bonhams, Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 28 June 2011, Lot 25

Provenance
Papunya Tula Artists (cat. TT0405161).

Price Realised
$14,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra (Two Brothers) 2004, composed of dense parallel yellow ochre lines forming two elongated geometric fields on a white ground.

Wati Kutjarra (Two Brothers), 2004

Size
150 × 180 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Sotheby’s, Aboriginal Art, New York, 25 May 2022, Lot 75

Provenance
Painted at Wirrimanu, Balgo Hills, for Warlayirti Artists in 2004 (cat. 500/04); Private Collection, acquired from the above.

Price Realised
$220,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2004, with dense parallel yellow and white lines forming two tall central shapes within a field of fine vertical lines.

Wati Kutjarra, 2004

Size
180 × 150 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Bonhams, Important Early Works from the Estate of Sir Sidney Nolan; Important Australian Art, Melbourne, 20 August 2013, Lot 127

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills), Western Australia (cat. 218/04); Private Collection. Sold with accompanying Warlayirti Artists documentation.

Price Realised
$25,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2004, with closely spaced yellow ochre and white parallel lines forming a long rectangular composition bordered by a single red line.

Wati Kutjarra, 2004

Size
120.5 × 60.5 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, Spinifex and Sand: The Tony Norton and Jann Williams Collection of Aboriginal Fine Art, Melbourne, 4 April 2016, Lot 36

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Western Australia (cat. 700/04); Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne; Spinifex & Sand Collection, Tasmania. Sold with a Warlayirti Artists certificate.

Price Realised
$3,200 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wilkinkarra 2005, with dense wavering yellow ochre and white vertical lines surrounding a narrow geometric form and small circular motif.

Wilkinkarra, 2005

Size
150 × 75 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, The Ross & Rona Clarke Collection, Brisbane, 9 September 2012, Lot 12

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills, Western Australia (ref. 273/05); framed by The Darwin Gallery, Darwin. Accompanied by a Warlayirti Artists certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised

$6,500 AUD
Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wilkinkarra 2006 painting, with closely spaced ochre and white parallel lines forming nested rectangular bands around a long central shape.

Wilkinkarra, 2006

Size
120 × 80 cm

Medium
Acrylic on canvas

Auction
Shapiro Auctioneers, Aboriginal and Contemporary Art, Sydney, 28 July 2022, Lot 10

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills, Western Australia (cat. 466/06); Private Collection, Sydney. Accompanied by a Warlayirti Artists certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised
$5,500 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wati Kutjarra 2006 painting, with closely spaced yellow and white parallel lines forming elongated geometric shapes outlined in red.

Wati Kutjarra, 2006

Size
300 × 130 cm

Medium
Acrylic on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, The Estate of Ann Lewis, AO, Sydney, 7 November 2011, Lot 38

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists (cat. 2752); Cooee Aboriginal Art, Sydney. Certificate of Authenticity and original invoice.

Price Realised
$24,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Marruwa 2006 painting, composed of irregular yellow rectangular fields divided by red lines, with vertical bands of white and black near the sides.

Marruwa, 2006

Size
150 × 180 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, The Laverty Collection – Part III, Sydney, 5 April 2017, Lot 92

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 869/06); Collection of Colin and Elizabeth Laverty, Sydney, acquired from the above in October 2006.

Price Realised
$19,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wilkinkarra 2006 painting, with closely spaced yellow and white parallel lines forming a large rectangular pattern around an elongated central shape.

Wilkinkarra, 2006

Size
150 × 100 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Inaugural Aboriginal Art Auction, Melbourne, 25 March 2009, Lot 159

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills (cat. 279/06); Private Collection, Sydney. Accompanied by a Warlayirti Artists certificate of authenticity.

Price Realised
$12,000 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Wilkinkarra 2006 painting, with long white parallel lines crossing a yellow ochre field and a small red and white concentric circle near the centre.

Wilkinkarra, 2006

Size
150 × 75 cm

Medium
Synthetic polymer paint on linen

Auction
Mossgreen Auctions, The Ross & Rona Clarke Collection, Brisbane, 9 September 2012, Lot 94

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills, Western Australia (ref. 894/06); Short Street Gallery, Broome, Western Australia (ref. 11388).

Price Realised
$4,800 AUD

Tjumpo Tjapanangka Coolamon 2006 glass sculpture, an elongated oval form decorated with vertical bands of yellow, red, pink and purple.

Coolamon, 2006

Size
57 × 21 cm

Medium
Glass

Auction
Deutscher and Hackett, Important Fine Art + Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 2 December 2015, Lot 198

Provenance
Warlayirti Artists, Balgo Hills, Western Australia; Northern Edition, Darwin; Private Collection, Melbourne.

Price Realised
Unsold

About This Artist Value Page

The headline auction statistics at the top of this page — including the number of works offered, sale rate, highest recorded sale and median sale price — are calculated from the auction records reviewed for this artist.

Everything below those figures should be regarded as a curated and subjective selection rather than a complete record of the artist’s auction history.

This is not a database of works sold. For comprehensive Australian art auction records and market data, I recommend the Australian Art sales Digest

I select works primarily to show the variety, development and quality of an artist’s work. I favour works with good-quality images over those represented by small or poor auction photographs, and I naturally include paintings that I find particularly interesting or useful in understanding the artist. Although I try to choose representative examples from different periods, subjects, sizes and price levels, these choices inevitably introduce bias.

The highest auction results also require caution. An artist’s three, four or five strongest results may be for exceptional works that entered Australian or international public collections or attracted unusually strong institutional and collector competition. Such prices should not automatically be regarded as representative of the broader market for that artist.

These pages are part of my continuing education in Aboriginal art and are intended primarily for people who enjoy the art and want to explore the variety and evolution of an artist’s work. Apart from the headline auction statistics, the selection, commentary and interpretation on this page are subjective and should not be relied upon for valuation, investment, insurance, taxation or other commercial purposes.

All images featured in this article are presented strictly for educational and informational purposes.

This website may include copyrighted material for which specific authorization has not been obtained from the copyright owner.

All such images are presumed to be the intellectual property of the respective artist or their estate, and are used in accordance with principles of fair dealing or fair use under applicable copyright law.

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